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<text id=91TT2814>
<title>
Dec. 16, 1991: Diplomacy:Mr. Behind-the-Scenes
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Dec. 16, 1991 The Smile of Freedom
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
HOSTAGES, Page 23
DIPLOMACY
Mr. Behind-the-Scenes
</hdr><body>
<p>How a courageous United Nations negotiator put himself at risk
to broker the hostage deal
</p>
<p>By David Ellis--Reported by Bonnie Angelo/New York and Lara
Marlowe/Damascus
</p>
<p> Giandomenico Picco would have been justified if he had
tried to grab some of the limelight that fell on Terry Anderson
and his fellow liberated hostages as they emerged into freedom.
Instead, the tall, dapper mediator stood in the background,
saying nothing about the key role he had played in securing the
captives' release. As the point man of U.N. Secretary-General
Javier Perez de Cuellar's seven-month campaign to resolve the
hostage crisis, Picco had engaged in a series of daunting
covert missions to Shi`ite strongholds in Lebanon to bargain
with the captors. At times he disappeared from sight for days
on end.
</p>
<p> Described by Perez de Cuellar as "more of a soldier than
a diplomat," Picco was a natural choice for the dangerous
assignment. The Italian-born Picco, 43, first worked for Perez
de Cuellar in Cyprus with the U.N. peacekeeping forces in the
1970s. He joined the Secretary-General's personal staff in 1982,
and was part of the team that negotiated the Soviet withdrawal
from Afghanistan. Once pragmatists in Iran's government
concluded that the hostage crisis had to be resolved, the first
man they turned to was Picco. They trusted him because of his
evenhanded role as head of the task force behind the 1988
U.N.-sponsored cease-fire that ended the Iran-Iraq war.
</p>
<p> Picco passed the word to Perez de Cuellar, who was eager
to wrap up the hostage ordeal before his retirement at the end
of this year. The U.N. team decided to work on two levels.
Perez de Cuellar mounted a high-profile diplomatic campaign,
repeatedly visiting Iran, Syria and Israel to obtain official
backing for Picco's veiled bargaining. The U.N. chief also
sought advice from Brent Scowcroft, George Bush's National
Security Adviser, who traveled to New York City to meet secretly
with Perez de Cuellar, sometimes without the knowledge of Thomas
Pickering, the U.S. ambassador to the U.N. Scowcroft assured
Perez de Cuellar that Israel was prepared to help free the
hostages.
</p>
<p> Scowcroft was careful to act only as a consultant,
refusing to involve the U.S. in the bargaining with either the
abductors or their Iranian backers. "Our basic message to the
Iranians was that we don't see any reason for abiding
hostilities and we were prepared to work toward a new
relationship, provided the hostage thing was resolved," says a
senior Administration official.
</p>
<p> Meanwhile Picco embarked on his secret mission. On several
occasions he traveled with Syrian secret police to the border
with Lebanon, where he was met by intermediaries waiting in a
black Mercedes. Then he was driven--alone, with his head
covered by a cloth bag--into the Bekaa Valley, in the eastern
portion of Lebanon. Some of his meetings with Shi`ite operatives
were held in the village of Nabisheet, where he may have spoken
to some of the hostages. When asked about that possibility,
Picco crisply responds, "Next question."
</p>
<p> These forays were filled with danger. "In order to meet
with [the captors], their security was absolutely
guaranteed," says Picco. "I always met with them alone, and
always at night. We met many, many times." Picco needed no
reminder that Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite was seized in
1987 under similar circumstances. Says Picco: "Either you are
afraid or you are a fool." While in Lebanon, Picco began to move
to a different house every night after U.N. sources learned that
there was a contract on his life.
</p>
<p> The U.N. effort started to pick up in August, when British
journalist John McCarthy was released. He was carrying a message
from Islamic Jihad: if Israel would release more than 300 Arab
detainees, including Sheik Abdul Karim Obeid, a Shi`ite Muslim
cleric kidnapped by Israeli commandos in 1989, the group would
be willing to free its remaining captives. Using Picco as a
go-between, the two sides began exchanging information about the
condition of their prisoners.
</p>
<p> A month later, Perez de Cuellar went to Tehran to receive
Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani's assurances that he would
pressure the radicals to free their captives. At about the same
time, Picco arrived in Lebanon to tell the kidnappers that
Israel was willing to release Arab prisoners. In return, the
Israelis demanded information on seven of their servicemen
missing in Lebanon, one of whom is known to be alive.
</p>
<p> Despite these encouraging developments, Picco feared that
the process might unravel in the atmosphere of mutual
suspicion. In late October, without clearing the move with Perez
de Cuellar, Picco instructed the Beirut U.N. information office
to announce that an American would be released within 24 hours.
The announcement forced the kidnappers to honor their side of
the agreement by delivering Jesse Turner to Syrian officials.
Four weeks later, Waite and Thomas Sutherland were freed,
setting the stage for the end of the hostage drama. In a key
session on Nov. 30, Picco received a timetable for the release
of Joseph Cicippio, Alann Steen and, finally, Terry Anderson.
</p>
<p> But as so often happens in the Middle East, there was a
last-minute hitch. Sources in Damascus confirm that Anderson's
release was delayed seven hours because a hard-line faction
within Islamic Jihad advocated holding on to him as a bargaining
chip. Anderson was freed only after fundamentalist leaders
reined in the dissident faction.
</p>
<p> While America's hostage nightmare has ended, Picco's
mission is incomplete. Securing the return of the two remaining
German hostages and the Israeli soldier will be ticklish, in
part because the abductors are afraid they will be liquidated
by vengeful Western governments or abandoned by their former
Iranian patrons. That fear could delay Perez de Cuellar's dream
of bringing the entire hostage saga to a close--and send Picco
back into the Bekaa Valley.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>